We are committed to upholding the integrity of the scholarly record and recognizes the critical role publishers play in facilitating academic discourse. All articles published online—including those released via EarlyCite—and in print are considered the Version of Record, representing the definitive, citable documentation of scholarly research, each assigned a Digital Object Identifier (DOI).

To preserve the integrity and consistency of the publication record, we do not permit alterations to the content of an article once it has been published online, including EarlyCite versions. This policy ensures that a single, authoritative version remains publicly accessible. Any necessary amendments will be issued exclusively in the form of a post-publication correction notice. Corrections will only be considered when they are essential to the accurate interpretation of the content—provided the article's core findings and conclusions remain valid—and for metadata errors that may affect discoverability in abstracting and indexing databases.

In the event that a substantive error is identified following publication, authors should promptly contact the journal's Editor in Chief. A determination will be made regarding the necessity of a correction notice. Corrections will not be made directly to the published article; instead, the notice will clearly outline the nature of the error and the corresponding amendments to the Version of Record.

Significant changes to authorship details may not be feasible under the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE) guidelines and will require formal investigation. Author affiliations must accurately reflect the institution where the research was conducted.

Minor typographical, stylistic, or copyediting errors that do not materially affect the scientific content, interpretation, or indexing of the article do not warrant a correction notice. The journal will assess whether an error meets the threshold for correction. Only errors that compromise the clarity, integrity, or reputation of the article or journal will be amended. Typesetting errors introduced after the proofing stage may be considered for correction.

Corrections must be requested within 12 months of the original publication date. After this period, corrections will only be considered under exceptional circumstances and at the discretion of the journal Editor.

We do not publish addenda for new data or revised interpretations that fall outside the scope of the original article. If an error fundamentally undermines the validity of the findings, a retraction may be issued in accordance with COPE guidelines.

Article Withdrawal

We adhere to the principles outlined in the joint statement by the International Federation of Library Associations (IFLA) and the International Publishers Association (IPA) regarding the retraction or removal of published content.

An article may be removed from the journal database only under the following conditions:

• It violates professional ethical standards, such as breaches of participant privacy.
• It is subject to legal proceedings or disputes.
• It contains false or misleading data that, if acted upon, could pose a serious health risk.

Wherever feasible, bibliographic information for withdrawn content will be retained, unless prohibited by legal constraints.

Correction Notices

About Correction

All published research represents a snapshot in time and the Version of Record cannot be updated to reflect subsequent changes, such as revised author affiliations or newly acquired data. Nonetheless, we acknowledge that errors may occur during the research, writing, or publication process. In such cases, the following types of correction notices may be issued, subject to editorial review.

Author Name Change

We are committed to fostering an inclusive, equitable, and respectful scholarly environment. In alignment with initiatives led by the Association for Computing Machinery (ACM), and the principles outlined in A Vision for a more trans-inclusive publishing world (COPE), we have adopted a progressive policy regarding author name changes.

Authors may request changes to their name, pronouns, or related biographical details on previously published works for reasons including, but not limited to, religious conversion, marriage, divorce, gender identity, or personal safety. We will honor such requests without requiring justification or supporting documentation. In certain cases, additional information—such as citation details—may be requested to facilitate accurate implementation.

Authors may opt for a silent correction, whereby the change is made discreetly without issuing a formal correction notice or notifying co-authors, thereby safeguarding the author's privacy and identity. We will make every reasonable effort to update the name and, where applicable, pronouns throughout the published work. The revised version will be republished, and updated metadata will be delivered to indexing services and relevant third-party platforms to ensure consistency across databases. Only the minimum necessary information will be shared to expedite metadata updates.

This policy applies exclusively to metadata changes. We cannot amend citations in external publications or third-party content not authored by the individual making the request. While every effort will be made to ensure the author's previous name is removed from public-facing records, complete erasure cannot be guaranteed.

Requests for name changes submitted by individuals other than the author will be treated as potential harassment and addressed accordingly. Errors such as misspellings or outdated institutional affiliations will be handled under our post-publication correction policy.

Corrigendum

A corrigendum is issued when an error or omission by the author significantly affects the content or interpretation of the article. It will be published online, and included in the next available print issue to ensure transparency and visibility.

Erratum

An erratum addresses errors introduced during the production process. Like a corrigendum, it will be published online and in the subsequent print issue.

Expression of Concern

An expression of concern may be issued when an ethical allegation is under investigation and cannot be resolved promptly. It may also be used when the outcome of an investigation is inconclusive or hindered by conflicts of interest or insufficient information.

Note of Clarification

A note of clarification is used to emphasize or clarify a point within the article that does not constitute a formal correction. All such notices will be clearly labeled and the original text will remain unchanged, ensuring transparency for readers who may have cited or relied upon the original version.

Retraction Notice

A retraction notice is issued in cases of serious ethical misconduct or when the research is found to be fundamentally flawed or misleading. Where feasible, the original article will remain accessible but clearly marked as retracted.